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Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 NEET

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  Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Notes Chapter 1 1. Electric Charge  Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. 2. Conductors and Insulators  Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon. 3. Transference of electrons  is the cause of frictional electricity. 4. Additivity of Charges  Charges are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q 1 , q 2 , q 3  , … ,q n , then total charge of the system will be q 1  +q 2  + … +q n . 5. Conservation of Charge  The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same. 6. Quantisation of Charge  Charge exists in dis...
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Ray Optics And Optical Instruments

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  Ray Optics And Optical Instruments - Learn important concepts of the chapter 1 Laws of refraction According to laws of refraction (Snell's Laws): 1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. 2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence  i  to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the pair of given media. This constant is called the refractive index of the second medium w.r.t. the first medium. 1 ​ μ 2 ​ = s i n   r s i n   i ​ Note: 1. When light ray is incident normally, only speed changes and direction of  light remains the same. 2. When light ray passes from rarer medium to denser medium, it bends towards the normal. 3. When light ray passes from denser medium to rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. 2 Observe the refraction through a rectangular glass slab Consider a rectangular glass slab ABCD as shown in fig. For refraction at AB μ = s i n r 1 ​ s i n...
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Important diagram for Ray Optics

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  Ray Optics And Optical Instruments - A simple way to visualize theories through diagram 1 Image formation by concave mirror 2 Image formation by convex mirror 3 Lateral shift of a ray refracted through a parallel-sided slab 4 Refraction and internal reflection of rays from a point A in the denser medium (water) incident at different angles at the interface with a rarer medium (air) 5 a) The position of object, and the image formed by a double convex lens, b) Refraction at the first spherical surface and c) Refraction at the second spherical surface. 6 Tracing rays through (a) convex lens (b) concave lens. 7 Image formation by convex lens 8 Image formation by concave lens 9 A ray of light passing through a triangular glass prism. 10 A simple microscope; (a) the magnifying lens is located such that the image is at the near point, (b) the object near the focal point of the lens; the image is far off but closer than infinity 11 Ray diagram for the formation of image by a compoun...
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